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The electronic properties of graphene are significantly influenced by the supporting substrate. [59] [60] The Si(100)/H surface does not perturb graphene's electronic properties, whereas the interaction between it and the clean Si(100) surface changes its electronic states significantly. This effect results from the covalent bonding between C ...
Graphene (/ ˈ ɡ r æ f iː n /) [1] is a carbon allotrope consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a honeycomb planar nanostructure. [2] [3] The name "graphene" is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, indicating the presence of double bonds within the carbon structure.
Graphene solar cells use graphene's unique combination of high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. [103] This material absorbs only 2.6% of green light and 2.3% of red light. [104] Graphene can be assembled into a film electrode with low roughness. These films must be made thicker than one atomic layer to obtain useful sheet ...
So far, the graphene plasmonic effects have been demonstrated for different applications ranging from light modulation [15] [16] to biological/chemical sensing. [17] [18] [19] High-speed photodetection at 10 Gbit/s based on graphene and 20-fold improvement on the detection efficiency through graphene/gold nanostructure were also reported. [20]
Graphene oxide flakes in polymers display enhanced photo-conducting properties. [10] Graphene is normally hydrophobic and impermeable to all gases and liquids (vacuum-tight). However, when formed into graphene oxide-based capillary membrane, both liquid water and water vapor flow through as quickly as if the membrane was not present. [11]
Bilayer graphene displays the anomalous quantum Hall effect, a tunable band gap [3] and potential for excitonic condensation. [4] Bilayer graphene typically can be found either in twisted configurations where the two layers are rotated relative to each other or graphitic Bernal stacked configurations where half the atoms in one layer lie atop half the atoms in the other. [5]
A rapidly increasing list of graphene production techniques have been developed to enable graphene's use in commercial applications. [1]Isolated 2D crystals cannot be grown via chemical synthesis beyond small sizes even in principle, because the rapid growth of phonon density with increasing lateral size forces 2D crystallites to bend into the third dimension. [2]
Graphene layers combined by boron nitride nanotubes exhibit similar band gap changes, but the strain of the ring position in the junction also induces a pseudomagnetic force on the ring structure due to the electron delocalization. [10] Figure 3. Example of a single layer of alternating graphene and boron nitride nano ribbons.