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Earth pigments are naturally occurring minerals that have been used since prehistoric times as pigments. Among the primary types of earth pigments include the reddish-brown ochres , siennas , and umbers , which contain various amounts of iron oxides and manganese oxides .
Umber is a natural earth pigment consisting of iron oxide and manganese oxide; it has a brownish color that can vary among shades of yellow, red, and green. [ 3 ] : 39 Umber is considered one of the oldest pigments known to humans, first seen in Ajanta Caves in 200 BC – 600 AD.
The red earth from Pozzuoli near Naples was a salmon pink, while the pigment from Tuscany contained manganese, making it a darker reddish brown called terra di siena, or sienna earth. [ 42 ] The 15th-century painter Cennino Cennini described the uses of ochre pigments in his famous treatise on painting.
Clay earth pigments (naturally formed iron oxides) Raw umber (PBr7): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe 2 O 3 + MnO 2 + n H 2 O + SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 .
Van Dyke (Vandyke) brown, also known as Cassel earth or Cologne earth, is a deep, rich, and warm brown colour often used in painting and printmaking. Early publications on the pigment refer to it as Cassel (or Kassel) earth or Cologne earth in reference to its city of origin; however, today it is typically called Van Dyke brown after the painter Anthony van Dyck.
The pigment is also known as red earth, red ochre, and terra rossa. On the Color Index International, the pigment is known as PR-102. This version is from the Italian Ferrario 1919 color list. The first recorded use of burnt sienna as a color name in English was in 1853. [19]
Important green pigments in art history include Malachite and Verdigris, found in tomb paintings in Ancient Egypt, and the Green earth pigments popular in the Middle Ages. [1] More recent greens, such as Cobalt Green, are largely synthetic, made in laboratories and factories. Today, the main green pigment is Phthalocyanine Green G.
Goethite is an important component of ochre pigments, [21] and has been heat-treated for use as a red pigment since Paleolithic times. [22] Iron-rich lateritic soils that have developed over serpentinite rocks in tropical climates are mined for their iron content, as well as other metals.