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Initiatives and referendums—collectively known as "ballot measures", "propositions", or simply "questions"—differ from most legislation passed by representative democracies; ordinarily, an elected legislative body develops and passes laws. Initiatives and referendums, by contrast, allow citizens to vote directly on legislation.
Semi-direct democracies, in which representatives administer day-to-day governance, but the citizens remain the sovereign, allow for three forms of popular action: referendum (plebiscite), initiative, and recall. The first two forms—referendums and initiatives—are examples of direct legislation. [3] As of 2019, thirty countries allowed for ...
Proposal 02-1 (November) A referendum to uphold legislation substantially modifying the election process [18] Failed [24] 1,199,236 (40.32%) 1,775,043 (59.68%) Proposal 02-2 (November) An initiative authorizing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of funding sewage, stormwater, and water pollution projects [18] Passed [24] 1,774,053 (60.21%)
Initiatives in the United States (7 C, 169 P) R. Recall elections in the United States (3 C, 9 P) Referendums in the United States (2 C, 15 P) This page was last ...
A recall election (also called a recall referendum, recall petition or representative recall) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a referendum before that official's term of office has ended. Recalls appear in the constitution in ancient Athenian democracy. [1]
Popular initiative or Initiative referendum: A citizen-led process to propose and vote on new laws. Popular referendum: A citizen-led process to oppose and strike down existing laws. Recall referendum: A procedure to remove elected officials before the end of their term of office. Depending on the area and position, a recall may be for a ...
Referendum 1 A referendum to maintain rent control provisions for some kinds of housing [30] Passed 22,920 (50.82%) 22,183 (49.18%) [38] 1987 Initiative 25 An initiative stating that the funding of public education is a high priority and requiring the government adhere to a schedule of public hearings for public education funding [39] Passed
The initiative and optional (or facultative) referendum were introduced as Progressive Era reforms in 1911, by a constitutional amendment called Proposition 7. [1] According to the Initiative & Referendum Institute at USC, Gov. Hiram Johnson supported the creation of this process to balance the power that corporations, specifically Southern ...