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For a stack of 10 plates (20 reflections), about 3% (= (1 − 0.16) 20) of the s-polarized light is transmitted. The reflected beam, while fully polarized, is spread out and may not be very useful. A more useful polarized beam can be obtained by tilting the pile of plates at a steeper angle to the incident beam.
Polycarbonate has a glass transition temperature of about 147 °C (297 °F), [8] so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about 155 °C (311 °F). [9] Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above 80 °C (176 °F) to make strain-free and stress-free products.
Brewster's angle is often referred to as the "polarizing angle", because light that reflects from a surface at this angle is entirely polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence ("s-polarized"). A glass plate or a stack of plates placed at Brewster's angle in a light beam can, thus, be used as a polarizer.
Packs of thin glass sheets, angled so as to reflect away light of the unwanted polarity, served as the viewing filters. [7] Polarized 3-D glasses only became practical after the invention of Polaroid plastic sheet polarizers by Edwin Land, who was privately demonstrating their use for projecting and viewing 3-D images in 1934. [8]
Two common types of waveplates are the half-wave plate, which rotates the polarization direction of linearly polarized light, and the quarter-wave plate, which converts between different elliptical polarizations (such as the special case of converting from linearly polarized light to circularly polarized light and vice versa.) [1]
FR-4 glass epoxy is a popular and versatile high-pressure thermoset plastic laminate grade with good strength to weight ratios. With near zero water absorption, FR-4 is most commonly used as an electrical insulator possessing considerable mechanical strength.