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This equation shows how production of ozone is directly related to the solar intensity, and hence to the zenith angle, due to the reliance on photolysis of NO 2. The yield of ozone will therefore be greatest during the day, especially at noon and during the summer season.
Thus, ozone is mainly removed by ozone conversion. Both ozone creation and conversion depend linearly on oxygen atom concentration, but in ozone creation an oxygen atom must encounter an oxygen molecule and another air molecule (typically nitrogen) simultaneously, while in ozone conversion an oxygen atom must only encounter an ozone molecule.
Flux F through a surface, dS is the differential vector area element, n is the unit normal to the surface. Left: No flux passes in the surface, the maximum amount flows normal to the surface.
In fluid dynamics, aerodynamic potential flow codes or panel codes are used to determine the fluid velocity, and subsequently the pressure distribution, on an object. This may be a simple two-dimensional object, such as a circle or wing, or it may be a three-dimensional vehicle.
The vortex lattice method is built on the theory of ideal flow, also known as Potential flow.Ideal flow is a simplification of the real flow experienced in nature, however for many engineering applications this simplified representation has all of the properties that are important from the engineering point of view.
A flow that is not a function of time is called steady flow. Steady-state flow refers to the condition where the fluid properties at a point in the system do not change over time. Time dependent flow is known as unsteady (also called transient [8]). Whether a particular flow is steady or unsteady, can depend on the chosen frame of reference.
In mathematics, a flow formalizes the idea of the motion of particles in a fluid. Flows are ubiquitous in science, including engineering and physics. The notion of flow is basic to the study of ordinary differential equations. Informally, a flow may be viewed as a continuous motion of points over time.
General reaction equation of ozonolysis. Ozone can also cleave alkynes to form an acid anhydride or diketone product. [38] If the reaction is performed in the presence of water, the anhydride hydrolyzes to give two carboxylic acids. Usually ozonolysis is carried out in a solution of dichloromethane, at a temperature of −78 °C. After a ...