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Linear programming (LP), also called linear optimization, is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements and objective are represented by linear relationships.
[41] [42] There are polynomial-time algorithms for linear programming that use interior point methods: these include Khachiyan's ellipsoidal algorithm, Karmarkar's projective algorithm, and path-following algorithms. [15] The Big-M method is an alternative strategy for solving a linear program, using a single-phase simplex.
An interior point method was discovered by Soviet mathematician I. I. Dikin in 1967. [1] The method was reinvented in the U.S. in the mid-1980s. In 1984, Narendra Karmarkar developed a method for linear programming called Karmarkar's algorithm, [2] which runs in provably polynomial time (() operations on L-bit numbers, where n is the number of variables and constants), and is also very ...
For the rest of the discussion, it is assumed that a linear programming problem has been converted into the following standard form: =, where A ∈ ℝ m×n.Without loss of generality, it is assumed that the constraint matrix A has full row rank and that the problem is feasible, i.e., there is at least one x ≥ 0 such that Ax = b.
Such a formulation is called an optimization problem or a mathematical programming problem (a term not directly related to computer programming, but still in use for example in linear programming – see History below). Many real-world and theoretical problems may be modeled in this general framework.
In the theory of linear programming, a basic feasible solution (BFS) is a solution with a minimal set of non-zero variables. Geometrically, each BFS corresponds to a vertex of the polyhedron of feasible solutions. If there exists an optimal solution, then there exists an optimal BFS.
Suppose we have the linear program: Maximize c T x subject to Ax ≤ b, x ≥ 0. We would like to construct an upper bound on the solution. So we create a linear combination of the constraints, with positive coefficients, such that the coefficients of x in the constraints are at least c T. This linear combination gives us an upper bound on the ...
Karmarkar's algorithm is an algorithm introduced by Narendra Karmarkar in 1984 for solving linear programming problems. It was the first reasonably efficient algorithm that solves these problems in polynomial time. The ellipsoid method is also polynomial time but proved to be inefficient in practice.