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This page compares the properties of several typical utility functions of divisible goods. These functions are commonly used as examples in consumer theory . The functions are ordinal utility functions, which means that their properties are invariant under positive monotone transformation .
Wild fish stocks are a rivalrous good, as the amount of fish caught by one boat reduces the number of fish available to be caught by others. In economics, a good is said to be rivalrous or a rival if its consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers, [1] or if consumption by one party reduces the ability of another party to consume it.
Consumers can take advantage of public goods without contributing sufficiently to their creation. This is called the free rider problem, or occasionally, the "easy rider problem". If too many consumers decide to "free-ride", private costs exceed private benefits and the incentive to provide the good or service through the market disappears.
Many forms of price discrimination are legal, but in some cases charging consumers different prices for the same goods is illegal. For example, in the United States, the Robinson–Patman Act makes price discrimination illegal in certain anti-competitive interstate sale of commodities.
Excludability was originally proposed in 1954 by American economist Paul Samuelson where he formalised the concept now known as public goods, i.e. goods that are both non-rivalrous and non-excludable. [1] Samuelson additionally highlighted the market failure of the free-rider problem that can occur with non
A bad lowers a consumer's overall welfare. [3] Economics focuses on the study of economic goods, i.e. goods that are scarce; in other words, producing the good requires expending effort or resources. Economic goods contrast with free goods such as air, for which there is an unlimited supply. [4]
A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an "office building" or "capital equipment", can also be referred to as a good as an indirect source of utility through resale value or as a source of income.
Property rights can be viewed as an attribute of an economic good. This attribute has three broad components, [3] [4] [5] and is often referred to as a bundle of rights in the United States: [6] the right to use the good; the right to earn income from the good