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Arikara is a Caddoan language spoken by the Arikara Native Americans who reside primarily at Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. Arikara is close to the Pawnee language, but they are not mutually intelligible. The Arikara were apparently a group met by Lewis and Clark in 1804; their population of 30,000 was reduced to 6,000 by smallpox. [3]
The Arikara language is a member of the Caddoan language family.Arikara is close to the Pawnee language, but they are not mutually intelligible. [4] As of 2007, the total number of remaining native speakers was reported as ten, [5] one of whom, Maude Starr, died on 20 January 2010. [6]
All of the remaining Caddoan languages spoken today are severely endangered. As of 2007, both the Pawnee and Arikara languages only had 10 speakers, with the Caddo language only spoken by 2 (as of 2023). [1] Caddo and Pawnee are spoken in Oklahoma by small numbers of tribal elders. Arikara is spoken on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota.
There are at least 25 sign languages in Africa, according to researcher Nobutaka Kamei. [6] [7] [8] Some have distributions that are completely independent of those of African spoken languages.
In 1975 Wayne and Elena Leman, of Wycliffe Bible Translators, started a translation of the Bible from the original languages into colloquial Cheyenne. (Petter's translation is in a more formal, literal style). Their translation has the complete text for Luke, Philippians, 1 Peter, 1 John as well as portions from other books.
Kawarakis (derived from the Arikara language Kawarusha – ‘Horse’ and Pawnee language Kish – ‘People’, some Pawnee argued that the Kawarakis spoke like the Arikara living to the north, so perhaps they belonged to the refugees (1794–1795) from Lakota aggression, who joined their Caddo kin living south) Skidi-Federation or Skiri
Along with the Mandan and the Arikara, they got a treaty on land north of Heart River. [17] Eleven years later, the Three Tribes would not inhabit a single summer village in the treaty area. The Lakota had more or less annexed it, although a participant in the peace treaty. [18] Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan Indian territory, 1851.
The Arikara Indians were from time to time also among the foes of the Mandans. Chief Four Bears's revenge on the Arikara, who had killed his brother, is legendary. [38] The Mandan maintained the stockade around Mitutanka Village when threats were present. [39] Major fights were fought. "We destroyed fifty tepees [of Sioux].