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  2. Focalisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focalisation

    In narratology, focalisation is the perspective through which a narrative is presented, as opposed to an omniscient narrator. [1] Coined by French narrative theorist Gérard Genette, his definition distinguishes between internal focalisation (first-person) and external focalisation (third-person, fixed on the actions of and environments around a character), with zero focalisation representing ...

  3. Idealization and devaluation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealization_and_devaluation

    When viewing people as all good, the individual is said to be using the defense mechanism idealization: a mental mechanism in which the person attributes exaggeratedly positive qualities to the self or others. When viewing people as all bad, the individual employs devaluation: attributing exaggeratedly negative qualities to the self or others.

  4. Objectivism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism

    Objectivism is a philosophical system named and developed by Russian-American writer and philosopher Ayn Rand.She described it as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute".

  5. Literary criticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism

    The British Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century introduced new aesthetic ideas to literary studies, including the idea that the object of literature need not always be beautiful, noble, or perfect, but that literature itself could enlighten and add to the knowledge of a common subject to the level of the sublime.

  6. Foil (narrative) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(narrative)

    Don Quixote and his sidekick Sancho Panza, as illustrated by Gustave Doré: the characters' contrasting qualities [1] are reflected here even in their physical appearances. In any narrative, a foil is a character who contrasts with another character, typically, a character who contrasts with the protagonist, in order to better highlight or differentiate certain qualities of the protagonist.

  7. Anthropomorphism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism

    People often grant an unnecessary social role to computers during interactions. The underlying causes are debated; Youngme Moon and Clifford Nass propose that humans are emotionally, intellectually and physiologically biased toward social activity, and so when presented with even tiny social cues, deeply infused social responses are triggered ...

  8. Empiricism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism

    The English term empirical derives from the Ancient Greek word ἐμπειρία, empeiria, which is cognate with and translates to the Latin experientia, from which the words experience and experiment are derived.

  9. Schaffer method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffer_method

    The Jane Schaffer method is a formula for essay writing that is taught in some U.S. middle schools and high schools.Developed by a San Diego teacher named Jane Schaffer, who started offering training and a 45-day curriculum in 1995, it is intended to help students who struggle with structuring essays by providing a framework.