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The word 'attar' is believed to have been derived from the Persian word itir, [3] which is in turn derived from the Arabic word 'itr (عطر), meaning 'perfume'. [4] [5]The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of Ibn al-Baitar (1188–1248), an Al-Andalusian (Muslim Iberia) physician, pharmacist and chemist.
The first modern perfume, made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution, was made in 1370 at the command of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary and was known throughout Europe as Hungary Water. The art of perfumery prospered in Renaissance Italy , and in the 16th century, Italian refinements were taken to France by Catherine de' Medici 's personal ...
The composition will then be either used to enhance another product as a functional fragrance (shampoos, make-up, detergents, car interiors, etc.) or marketed directly to the public as a fine fragrance. Alternatively, the perfumer may simply be inspired to create a perfume and produce something that later becomes marketable or wins a brief.
Organic solvent extraction is the most common and most economically important technique for extracting aromatics in the modern perfume industry. Raw materials are submerged and agitated in a solvent that can dissolve the desired aromatic compounds. Commonly used solvents for maceration/solvent extraction include hexane, and dimethyl ether.
Two capsules of smelling salts from a first-aid kit. A thin inner glass tube contains alcohol and ammonia; the outer layer is cotton and netting. When crushed, the liquid is released into the cotton, while the glass shards are retained inside. The ammonia-soaked cotton is waved in front of the nose for the treatment of fainting.
Saint Elisabeth of Hungary is sometimes reputed to have ordered the first modern perfume in Europe, called 'Hungary water'.. Hungary water (sometimes called "the Queen of Hungary's Water", [1] Eau de la Reine de Hongary, [2] or "spirits of rosemary" [2]) was one of the first alcohol-based perfumes in Europe, primarily made with rosemary. [2]
A fixative is a substance used to equalize the vapor pressures, and thus the volatilities, of the raw materials in a perfume oil, and to increase the perfume's odour tenacity. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In simple words, fixatives increase the time for which the scent of a perfume lasts.