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In 1912 the Women's Suffrage Alliance, an umbrella organization of many local women's organizations, was founded to work for the inclusion of women's equal rights and suffrage in the constitution of the new republic after the abolition of the monarchy, and while the effort was not successful, it signified an important period of feminist activism.
By the late 20th century, women began to gain greater autonomy through the formation of women-only organizations. Chinese women's organizations began to emerge during the Zhang Mao era (1948–1976) such as the All-China Women's Federation. These organizations allowed issues concerning women's interests, welfare, and equal rights to be addressed.
Women's traditional gender role in China focused on staying at home and taking care of the house and family, while the men go and provide at work. [43] These attitudes on women's gender role are still persistent in China today, and negatively affect the amount of jobs, work hours, and pay that women are offered. [43]
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China makes the provision that women are equal to men, but in practice, traditional gender roles have persisted where men are considered "superior to women." [9] After 1949, the Chinese government strongly encouraged women's participation in agriculture. [10]
From the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 CE) until the modern period (1840–1919), scholars and rulers developed a male-dominated patriarchal society in China. [8] Patriarchy is a social and philosophical system where men are considered as superior to women, and thus men should have more power in decision-making than women. [9]
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Mao's statement, "women hold up half the sky", became a major slogan in CPC's support for women's rights. [7] Mao granted women more legal rights and established the All-China Women's Federation within the CPC to promote women's rights. Mao also set up a quota for women in political leadership. [5]
During China's land reform movement (which began after the defeat of the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War and continued in the early years of the People's Republic of China), the CCP encouraged rural women in achieving a "double fanshen" - a revolutionary transformation as both a peasant and a feminist awakening as a woman. [10]