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Plastoquinone (PQ) is a terpenoid-quinone (meroterpenoid) molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The most common form of plastoquinone, known as PQ-A or PQ-9, is a 2,3-dimethyl-1,4- benzoquinone molecule with a side chain of nine isoprenyl units.
An example of 1,4-addition reaction is the addition of hydrogen chloride to form chlorohydroquinone: 1,4-addition reaction of quinone with hydrogen chloride to produce chlorohydroquinone. Quinones can undergo Diels–Alder reactions. [10] The quinone acts as the dienophile and reacts with a diene at a carbon-carbon double bond.
The electrons are transferred to plastoquinone and two protons, generating plastoquinol, which released into the membrane as a mobile electron carrier. This is the second core process in photosynthesis. The initial stages occur within picoseconds, with an efficiency of 100%. The seemingly impossible efficiency is due to the precise positioning ...
Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 / ˌ k oʊ k j uː ˈ t ɛ n /), also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and dietary supplements .
In the early 2000s, a group of researchers led by prof V. P. Skulachev in Moscow State University began the development of SkQ — the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, similar to MitoQ, but with the ubiquinone replaced with plastoquinone (more active analog of ubiquinone derived from plant chloroplasts). [9]
The cytochrome b 6 f complex is a dimer, with each monomer composed of eight subunits. [3] These consist of four large subunits: a 32 kDa cytochrome f with a c-type cytochrome, a 25 kDa cytochrome b 6 with a low- and high-potential heme group, a 19 kDa Rieske iron-sulfur protein containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster, and a 17 kDa subunit IV; along with four small subunits (3-4 kDa): PetG, PetL, PetM ...
One serving of salmon, for example, has 526 international units of vitamin D — almost all of what you need for a whole day. “Egg yolks, cheese, and beef liver are other foods with smaller ...
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA1 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The NDUFA1 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) , which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain . [ 7 ]