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Gravity-gradient stabilization was first used in low Earth orbit and was tested unsuccessfully for geosynchronous orbit in the Applications Technology Satellites ATS-2, ATS-4 and ATS-5 from 1966 until 1969. [4] The lunar orbiter Explorer 49 launched in 1973 was gravity gradient oriented (Z axis parallel to local vertical). [5]
Self-gravity is gravitational force exerted by a system, particularly a celestial body or system of bodies, onto itself. At a sufficient mass, this allows the system to hold itself together. [2] The effects of self-gravity have significance in the fields of astronomy, physics, seismology, geology, and oceanography. [3] [4] [5]
A Stanford torus interior (cutaway view) Interior view of a large scale O'Neill cylinder, showing alternating land and window stripes. A space settlement (also called a space habitat, spacestead, space city or space colony) is a settlement in outer space, sustaining more extensively habitation facilities in space than a general space station or spacecraft.
Reduced-gravity aircraft training avoids neutral-buoyancy training's drag problem (trainees are surrounded by air rather than water), but instead faces a severe time limitation: periods of sustained weightlessness are limited to around 25 seconds, interspersed with periods of acceleration of around 2 g as the aircraft pulls out of its dive and ...
The environmental conditions in space are harsh and require extensive equipment for survival and completion of daily activities. [2] There are many environmental factors to consider both inside and outside of a spacecraft that astronauts work in. [2] These factors include but are not limited to movement during weightlessness, general equipment necessary to travel to the desired destination in ...
Levitation is accomplished by providing an upward force that counteracts the pull of gravity (in relation to gravity on earth), plus a smaller stabilizing force that pushes the object toward a home position whenever it is a small distance away from that home position. The force can be a fundamental force such as magnetic or electrostatic, or it ...
A wealth of new information about Earth’s inner core has surfaced in recent months. Scientists now have evidence that the planet’s innermost layer is changing shape.
The concept of gravity shielding is a common concept in science fiction literature, especially for space travel. One of the first and best known examples is the fictional gravity shielding substance "Cavorite" that appears in H. G. Wells' classic 1901 novel The First Men in the Moon. Wells was promptly criticized for using it by Jules Verne. [3]