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  2. Affirmation and negation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation

    Complex rules for negation also apply in Finnish; see Finnish grammar § Negation of verbs. In some languages negation may also affect the dependents of the verb; for example in some Slavic languages, such as Polish, the case of a direct object often changes from accusative to genitive when the verb is negated.

  3. Negation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation

    In C (and some other languages descended from C), double negation (!!x) is used as an idiom to convert x to a canonical Boolean, ie. an integer with a value of either 0 or 1 and no other. Although any integer other than 0 is logically true in C and 1 is not special in this regard, it is sometimes important to ensure that a canonical value is ...

  4. Negative conclusion from affirmative premises - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_conclusion_from...

    Statements in syllogisms can be identified as the following forms: a: All A is B. (affirmative) e: No A is B. (negative) i: Some A is B. (affirmative) o: Some A is not B. (negative) The rule states that a syllogism in which both premises are of form a or i (affirmative) cannot reach a conclusion of form e or o (negative). Exactly one of the ...

  5. Double negative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negative

    A double negative intensifier does not necessarily require the prescribed steps, and can easily be ascertained by the mood or intonation of the speaker. Compare There isn't no other way. = There's some other way. Negative: isn't (is not), no. versus There isn't no other way! = There's no other way!

  6. Dialetheism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetheism

    Dialetheism (/ d aɪ ə ˈ l ɛ θ i ɪ z əm /; from Greek δι-di-'twice' and ἀλήθεια alḗtheia 'truth') is the view that there are statements that are both true and false. More precisely, it is the belief that there can be a true statement whose negation is also true. Such statements are called "true contradictions", dialetheia, or ...

  7. Gödel's incompleteness theorems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel's_incompleteness...

    A set of axioms is (syntactically, or negation-) complete if, for any statement in the axioms' language, that statement or its negation is provable from the axioms. [2] This is the notion relevant for Gödel's first Incompleteness theorem.

  8. Existential quantification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_quantification

    In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". It is usually denoted by the logical operator symbol ∃, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called an existential quantifier (" ∃ x " or " ∃( x ...

  9. Negative raising - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_raising

    In linguistics, negative raising is a phenomenon that concerns the raising of negation from the embedded or subordinate clause of certain predicates to the matrix or main clause. [1] The higher copy of the negation, in the matrix clause, is pronounced; but the semantic meaning is interpreted as though it were present in the embedded clause.