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The French anarchist movement, though self-described as "mutualists", started gaining pace during 1860s as workers' associations began to form. [ 74 ] Classical anarchism
Anarchism became associated with punk subculture as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols. [61] The established feminist tendencies of anarcha-feminism returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism. [62] Black anarchism began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a Eurocentric demographic. [63]
Anarchism in the United States began in the mid-19th century and started to grow in influence as it entered the American labor movements, growing an anarcho-communist current as well as gaining notoriety for violent propaganda of the deed and campaigning for diverse social reforms in the early 20th century.
Anarchists began using direct action, organizing through affinity groups during anti-nuclear campaigns in the 1970s. The New Left in the United States also included anarchist, countercultural and hippie-related radical groups such as the Yippies who were led by Abbie Hoffman, the Diggers [187] and Black Mask/Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers.
The debate of the effects of the French Revolution to the anarchist causes spans to our days. For anarchist historian Max Nettlau, French revolutions did nothing more than re-shaping and modernizing the militaristic state, [70] while Kropotkin traced the origins of the anarchist movement in the struggle of the revolutionaries. [71]
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations .
Some key figures of the anarchist old guard began to die off during this period, including Peter Kropotkin, Varlam Cherkezishvili, Jan Wacław Machajski and Apollon Karelin. [54] The Bolshevik government did allow some anarchist activity to continue peacefully through the 1920s.
The Principles of Anarchism (c. 1890s) by Lucy Parsons; The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891) by Oscar Wilde; The Conquest of Bread (1892) by Peter Kropotkin; Anarchy Defended by Anarchists (1896) by Emma Goldman and Johann Most (1914–1984) Anarchism: From Theory to Practice (1965) by Daniel Guérin (1985–present) Listen, Anarchist! (1987 ...