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Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is a type of encephalitis, and one of the most common causes of noninfectious encephalitis. It can be triggered by tumors , infections , or it may be cryptogenic . The neurological manifestations can be either acute or subacute and usually develop within six weeks.
Limbic encephalitis is associated with an autoimmune reaction. [1] In non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, this is typically due to infection (commonly herpes simplex virus) or as a systemic autoimmune disorder. [13] Limbic encephalitis associated with cancer or tumors is called paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. [citation needed]
Anti-IgLON5 disease is an uncommon neurological autoimmune condition linked to autoantibodies directed against the IgLON5 protein. [1] Sleep disturbance , bulbar symptoms, and abnormal gait make up the majority of the clinical presentation, which is then followed by cognitive dysfunction . [ 2 ]
Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, [3] first described by Edwin Bickerstaff in 1951. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It may also affect the peripheral nervous system , and has features in common with both Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome .
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a type of brain inflammation caused by antibodies. [4] Early symptoms may include fever , headache, and feeling tired. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This is then typically followed by psychosis which presents with false beliefs (delusions) and seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear (hallucinations). [ 1 ]
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune form, and is accompanied by ovarian teratoma in 58 percent of affected women 18–45 years of age. [21] Another autoimmune cause includes acute disseminated encephalitis, a demyelinating disease which primarily affects children. [22]
PML is diagnosed in a patient with a progressive course of the disease, finding JC virus DNA in spinal fluid together with consistent white-matter lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); alternatively, a brain biopsy is diagnostic [1] when the typical histopathology of demyelination, bizarre astrocytes, and enlarged oligodendroglial ...
Diffusion MRI may be used to identify areas of cytotoxic edema caused by poor blood flow (ischemia) but it is not clear if this prognostically relevant. [1] [4] Abnormal apparent diffusion coefficient is seen in about 20% of cases. [4] In 10–25% of cases of PRES there is evidence of hemorrhage on neuroimaging.