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Among the 41 even-Z elements that have a stable nuclide, only two elements (argon and cerium) have no even–odd stable nuclides. One element (tin) has three. There are 24 elements that have one even–odd nuclide and 13 that have two even–odd nuclides. The lightest example of this type of nuclide is 3 2 He and the heaviest is 207 82 Pb.
[1] The word nuclide was coined by the American nuclear physicist Truman P. Kohman in 1947. [2] [3] Kohman defined nuclide as a "species of atom characterized by the constitution of its nucleus" containing a certain number of neutrons and protons. The term thus originally focused on the nucleus.
A chart or table of nuclides maps the nuclear, or radioactive, behavior of nuclides, as it distinguishes the isotopes of an element.It contrasts with a periodic table, which only maps their chemical behavior, since isotopes (nuclides that are variants of the same element) do not differ chemically to any significant degree, with the exception of hydrogen.
The Oddo–Harkins rule may suggest that elements with odd atomic numbers have a single, unpaired proton and may swiftly capture another in order to achieve an even atomic number and proton parity. Protons are paired in elements with even atomic numbers, with each member of the pair balancing the spin of the other, thus enhancing nucleon stability.
Due to the Pauli exclusion principle the nucleus would have a lower energy if the number of protons with spin up were equal to the number of protons with spin down. This is also true for neutrons. Only if both Z and N are even, can both protons and neutrons have equal numbers of spin-up and spin-down particles. This is a similar effect to the ...
In atomic physics, even–even (EE) nuclei are nuclei with an even number of neutrons and an even number of protons. Even-mass-number nuclei, which comprise 151/251 = ~60% of all stable nuclei, are bosons, i.e. they have integer spin. The vast majority of them, 146 out of 151, belong to the EE class; they have spin 0 because of pairing effects. [1]
The Ammunition Identification Code (AIC) was a sub-set of the Standard Nomenclature List (SNL).The SNL was an inventory system used from 1928 to 1958 to catalog all the items the Army's Ordnance Corps issued.
Odd–odd primordial nuclides are rare because most odd–odd nuclei beta-decay, because the decay products are even–even, and are therefore more strongly bound, due to nuclear pairing effects. [4] Yet another effect of the instability of an odd number of either type of nucleon is that odd-numbered elements tend to have fewer stable isotopes.