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Individuals with cancer may be at a higher risk of mortality if they also have diabetes. [53] Testosterone deficiency is also associated with type 2 diabetes. [54] [55] Eating disorders may also interact with type 2 diabetes, with bulimia nervosa increasing the risk and anorexia nervosa decreasing it. [56]
Thiazolidinedione ligand dependent transactivation is responsible for the majority of anti-diabetic effects. The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):
GLP-1 agonists are being studied for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). They are at least as effective as the medications in current use, pioglitazone and Vitamin E , and significantly reduce steatosis, ballooning necrosis, lobular inflammation, and fibrosis according to a 2023 systematic review. [ 18 ]
Treatment of hyperglycemia requires elimination of the underlying cause, such as diabetes. Acute hyperglycemia can be treated by direct administration of insulin in most cases and may be lessened by the intake of some natural compounds.
This causes high blood insulin (hyperinsulinemia) to compensate for the high blood glucose. During this compensated phase of insulin resistance, beta cell function is upregulated, insulin levels are higher, and blood glucose levels are still maintained. If compensatory insulin secretion fails, then either fasting (impaired fasting glucose) or ...
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. [1] Signs and symptoms may include vomiting, abdominal pain, deep gasping breathing, increased urination, weakness, confusion and occasionally loss of consciousness. [1]
Often, the recommended treatment is a combination of lifestyle changes such as increasing exercise and healthy eating, along with medications to help control the BG levels in the long term. [2] In addition to management of the diabetes, patients are recommended to have routine follow up with specialist to manage possible common complications ...
Liraglutide, sold under the brand name Victoza among others, is an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes, and chronic obesity. [6] [7] It is a second-line therapy for diabetes following first-line therapy with metformin.