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dplyr is an R package whose set of functions are designed to enable dataframe (a spreadsheet-like data structure) manipulation in an intuitive, user-friendly way. It is one of the core packages of the popular tidyverse set of packages in the R programming language . [ 1 ]
ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
A group of packages called the tidyverse, which can be considered a "dialect of the R language", is increasingly popular in the R ecosystem. As of 2020-06-13, Metacran [ 17 ] listed 7 of the 8 core packages of the tidyverse in the list of most downloaded R packages.
Graphical examination of count data may be aided by the use of data transformations chosen to have the property of stabilising the sample variance. In particular, the square root transformation might be used when data can be approximated by a Poisson distribution (although other transformation have modestly improved properties), while an inverse sine transformation is available when a binomial ...
Bootstrap aggregating, also called bagging (from bootstrap aggregating) or bootstrapping, is a machine learning (ML) ensemble meta-algorithm designed to improve the stability and accuracy of ML classification and regression algorithms.
Burnside's lemma can compute the number of rotationally distinct colourings of the faces of a cube using three colours.. Let X be the set of 3 6 possible face color combinations that can be applied to a fixed cube, and let the rotation group G of the cube act on X by moving the colored faces: two colorings in X belong to the same orbit precisely when one is a rotation of the other.
The Tata group, one of India’s largest conglomerates, promised to be a good neighbor when it took on the job of building the nation’s first “ultra mega” coal-fired power plant. Find Out First ICIJ and The Huffington Post estimate that 3.4 million people have been physically or economically displaced by World Bank-backed projects since 2004.
A counting process is a stochastic process {N(t), t ≥ 0} with values that are non-negative, integer, and non-decreasing: N(t) ≥ 0. N(t) is an integer. If s ≤ t then N(s) ≤ N(t). If s < t, then N(t) − N(s) is the number of events occurred during the interval (s, t]. Examples of counting processes include Poisson processes and Renewal ...