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Bradley C. Importance of differentiating health status from quality of life. Lancet. 2001; 357 (9249):7-8. Fung CH, Hays RD. Prospects and challenges in using patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice. Quality of Life Research. 2008; 17: 1297–302. Doward LC, McKenna SP, Defining Patient-Reported Outcomes. Value in Health. 2004; 7(S1): S4-S8.
Interventions can be direct (e.g. medication) or indirect (e.g. change in the process of health care like integration care by different specialists). Some definitions of health outcomes measurement stipulate that the population or group has to be defined (different outcomes are expected for different people & conditions).
Process denotes the transactions between patients and providers throughout the delivery of healthcare. Finally, outcomes refer to the effects of healthcare on the health status of patients and populations. [2] Avedis Donabedian, a physician and health services researcher at the University of Michigan, developed the original model in 1966. [3]
Health care quality is the degree to which health care services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes. [2] Quality of care plays an important role in describing the iron triangle of health care relationships between quality, cost, and accessibility of health care within a community. [3]
Early versions of healthcare-related quality of life measures referred to simple assessments of physical abilities by an external rater (for example, the patient is able to get up, eat and drink, and take care of personal hygiene without any help from others) or even to a single measurement (for example, the angle to which a limb could be flexed).
Health communication is an area of research that focuses on the scope and implications of meaningful expressions and messages in situations or circumstances associated with health and health care. [10] Health communication is considered an interdisciplinary field of research, encompassing medical science, public health, and communication studies.
Behavioral health outcome management (BHOM) involves the use of behavioral health outcome measurement data to help guide and inform the treatment of each individual patient. Like blood pressure, cholesterol and other routine lab work that helps to guide and inform general medical practice, the use of routine measurement in behavioral health is ...
With the growth of the American healthcare system after the early 19th century, patient-centered outcomes began to become more of a focus within the healthcare community. In 1978, The Declaration of Alma-Alta was created as the first international declaration of primary healthcare's role in promoting the health of all people. [ 7 ]