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Biologists can study life at multiple levels of organization, [1] from the molecular biology of a cell to the anatomy and physiology of plants and animals, and the evolution of populations. [1] [6] Hence, there are multiple subdisciplines within biology, each defined by the nature of their research questions and the tools that they use.
The discipline of anatomy can be subdivided into a number of branches, including gross or macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy. [10] Gross anatomy is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye, and also includes superficial anatomy or surface anatomy, the study by sight of the external body features.
The 2nd century physician Galen of Pergamum compiled classical knowledge of anatomy into a text that was used throughout the Middle Ages. [64] In the Renaissance, Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) pioneered the modern study of human anatomy by dissection, writing the influential book De humani corporis fabrica.
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. [ 3 ]
Comprehensive Physiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the American Physiological Society. The journal was relaunched in 2025 to include research articles, reviews, and editorials.
Much of the book quotes [6] ancient and medieval medical authorities, beginning with Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen. Hence the Anatomy is filled with more or less pertinent references to the works of others. A competent Latinist, Burton included a great deal of Latin poetry in the Anatomy, much of it from ancient sources left untranslated ...
Molecular Biology of the Cell has been described as "the most influential cell biology textbook of its time". [2] The sixth edition is dedicated to the memory of co-author Julian Lewis, who died in early 2014. The book was the first to position cell biology as a central discipline for biology and medicine, and immediately became a landmark ...
Harvey's book completely describes the systemic circulation and the mechanical force of the heart, leading to an overhaul of the Galenic doctrines. [93] Otto Frank (1865–1944) was a German physiologist; among his many published works are detailed studies of this important heart relationship.