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Vref speed is the reference speed for approach, which is the speed at which the aircraft is flown during the approach to landing. It is one of the V-speeds, which are standard terms used to define airspeeds important or useful to the operation of all aircraft. Learn more about the V-speeds, their definitions, and their applications in aviation.
Flight envelope is the capability of an aircraft or spacecraft in terms of speed and load factor or altitude. Learn how to calculate and plot the flight envelope, and see examples of different aircraft types and their envelopes.
Airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the air it is flying through. Learn about the common measures of airspeed, such as indicated, calibrated, true and equivalent airspeed, and how they are measured by pitot-static systems and airspeed indicators.
A comprehensive list of abbreviations used in aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautics. Find the meaning of terms such as A/C (Aircraft), ADS-B (Automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast), ATC (Air traffic control) and more.
Learn about the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions: pitch, roll and yaw. Find out the definitions, conventions and transformations of these angles and how they relate to the Earth, body and wind frames.
Learn about the definition, calculation and use of indicated airspeed (IAS), the airspeed of an aircraft as measured by its pitot-static system and displayed by the airspeed indicator. Find out how IAS differs from true airspeed (TAS), calibrated airspeed (CAS) and equivalent airspeed (EAS) and why it is important for pilots.
Learn about the different types of flight instruments in the cockpit of an aircraft, such as altimeter, airspeed indicator, compass, and gyroscopic systems. Find out how they provide data about the flight situation and improve safety and navigation.
Learn how the airspeed indicator (ASI) measures the airspeed of an aircraft and displays it on a dial with colour-coded markings. See the types of airspeed, the operation of the ASI, and the related instruments such as the Machmeter and the AOA indicator.