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Low-flow malformations involve a single type of blood or lymph vessel, and are known as simple vascular malformations; high-flow malformations involve an artery. There are also malformations that are of mixed-flow involving more than one type of vessel, such as an arteriovenous malformation . [ 2 ]
Lymphatic malformations are benign slow-flow type of vascular malformation of the lymphatic system characterized by lymphatic vessels which do not connect to the normal lymphatic circulation. The term lymphangioma is outdated and newer research reference the term lymphatic malformation .
Some patients with CLOVES have combined lesions (which are fast flow) and some have aggressive vascular malformation known as arteriovenous malformations (AVM). The effect of a vascular malformation varies per patient based on the type, size, and location of the malformation, and symptoms can vary.
The estimated prevalence of vascular anomalies is 4.5%. [2] Vascular anomalies can occur throughout the whole body, but in 60% of patients they are localized in the head and neck region. [3] Vascular anomalies can present in various ways: when situated deep below the skin, they appear blue, and are often called cavernous.
Sclerotherapy (the word reflects the Greek skleros, meaning hard) [1] is a procedure used to treat blood vessel malformations (vascular malformations) and also malformations of the lymphatic system. A medication is injected into the vessels, which makes them shrink. It is used for children and young adults with vascular or lymphatic malformations.
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI or CCVI) is a term invented by Italian researcher Paolo Zamboni in 2008 to describe compromised flow of blood in the veins draining the central nervous system. [1] [2] Zamboni hypothesized that it might play a role in the cause or development of multiple sclerosis (MS).
Weakened Venous valves: these are crucial towards ensuring upward flow to the heart from the lower extremities. If weakened, they may fail to close properly which leads to backwards blood flow/blood pooling. This can lead to slower blood flow in the veins. [8] Ultrasonography-Doppler ultrasound
Here the flow is either modulated by the respiratory rhythm or is continuous in cases where the flow is high. The thinner veins do not have a spontaneous flow. Vein valve and spontaneous contrast. However, in some circumstances the blood flow is so slow that it can be seen as some echogenic material moving within the vein, in "spontaneous ...