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Fascioliasis, a parasitic infection of liver caused by a liver fluke of the genus Fasciola, mostly Fasciola hepatica. [5] Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is caused by various viruses (viral hepatitis) also by some liver toxins (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis), autoimmunity (autoimmune hepatitis) or hereditary conditions. [6]
Bacterial infection of the liver commonly results in pyogenic liver abscesses, acute hepatitis, or granulomatous (or chronic) liver disease. [34] Pyogenic abscesses commonly involve enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and are composed of multiple bacteria up to 50% of the time. [ 34 ]
Patients with liver cirrhosis develop liver cancer at a rate of 1.5% per year. [11] In total, 70% of those with alcoholic hepatitis will go on to develop alcoholic liver cirrhosis in their lifetimes. [10] Infection risk is elevated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (12–26%).
A form of infection with persistently moderately elevated serum liver enzymes but without antibodies to hepatitis C has also been reported. [45] This form is known as cryptogenic occult infection. Several clinical pictures have been associated with this type of infection. [46]
Early life horizontal transmission can occur through bites, lesions, certain sanitary habits, or other contact with secretions or saliva containing HBV. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Adult horizontal transmission is known to occur through sexual contact , [ 35 ] blood transfusions and transfusion with other human blood products, [ 36 ] re-use of contaminated ...
During the acute stage of the infection, the liver enzyme alanine transferase (ALT) is present in the blood at levels much higher than is normal. The enzyme comes from the liver cells damaged by the virus. [46] Hepatovirus A is present in the blood and feces of infected people up to 2 weeks before clinical illness develops. [46]
Hepatitis E is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV); [4] [5] it is a type of viral hepatitis. [6] Hepatitis E has mainly a fecal-oral transmission route that is similar to hepatitis A, although the viruses are unrelated.
Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, chronic liver failure or chronic hepatic failure and end-stage liver disease, is a condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease.