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Pei is best known for his work in cartography. Although map making and use of the grid existed in China before him, [41]: 106–107 he was the first to mention a plotted geometrical grid and graduated scale displayed on the surface of maps to gain greater accuracy in the estimated distance between different locations.
Distance decay is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. [1] The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Once the distance is outside of the two locales' activity space, their interactions begin to decrease.
Arthur C. Clarke in 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) has the claim that "Behind every man, now alive stand 30 ghosts, for that is the ratio by which the dead outnumber the living", which was roughly accurate at the time of writing. [9] [10] Recent estimates of the "total number of people who have ever lived" are in the order of 100 billion.
(Absolute here refers to a time that is the same for an observer anywhere on Earth.) Each hour of difference of local time corresponds to a 15 degrees change of longitude (360 degrees divided by 24 hours). A Transit Instrument from 1793. Local noon is defined as the time at which the Sun is at the highest point in the sky.
[5] [6] Additional lines of research in the 1960s further developed the nature of the cost rate field as a manifestation of the concept of friction of distance, studying how it was affected by various geographic features. [7] At the time, this solution was only theoretical, lacking the data and computing power for the continuous solution.
Pace [6] in minutes per kilometre or mile vs. slope angle resulting from Naismith's rule [7] for basal speeds of 5 and 4 km / h. [n 1]The original Naismith's rule from 1892 says that one should allow one hour per three miles on the map and an additional hour per 2000 feet of ascent.
Spatial diffusion is the gradual spread of culture, ideas, and institutions across space over time, in which the desirability of one place adopting the traits of a separate place overcome the friction of distance. Time geography explores how human activity is affected by the constraints of movement, especially temporal costs. [11]
Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic ...