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An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence. [1] Originally, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents. [1] For children between the ages of 6 and 16, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is commonly used.
The Wechsler IQ tests for children and for adults are the most frequently used individual IQ tests in the English-speaking world [34] and in their translated versions are perhaps the most widely used IQ tests worldwide. [35] The Wechsler tests have long been regarded as the "gold standard" in IQ testing. [36]
The Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities is a set of intelligence tests first developed in 1977 by Richard Woodcock and Mary E. Bonner Johnson (although Johnson's contribution is disputed). [1] It was revised in 1989, again in 2001, and most recently in 2014; this last version is commonly referred to as the WJ IV. [2]
The Binet-Simon Intelligence Test was the first intelligence test that could be used to predict scholarly performance and which was widely accepted by the fields of psychology and psychiatry. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The development of the test started in 1905 with Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon in Paris, France.
One hindrance to widespread understanding of the test is its use of a variety of different measures. In an effort to simplify the information gained from the Binet–Simon test into a more comprehensible and easier to understand form, German psychologist William Stern created the well known Intelligence Quotient (IQ).