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Leukoplakia is, therefore, the most common premalignant lesion that occurs in the mouth. [41] Leukoplakia is more common in middle-aged and elderly males. [30] The prevalence increases with increasing age. [2] In areas of the world where smokeless tobacco use is common, there is a higher prevalence. [2]
Dark-skinned people may have a melanotic line along the gum margin. Abnormal findings include swelling, cyanosis, paleness, dryness, sponginess, bleeding or discoloration. Diseases include leukoplakia, epulis, gingival hyperplasia, gingivitis, periodontitis and aphthous ulcer (canker sore).
Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs usually in persons who are immunocompromised , especially those with human immunodeficiency virus infection/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
Some sources use this term to describe leukoplakia lesions that become colonized secondarily by Candida species, thereby distinguishing it from hyperplastic candidiasis. [10] It is known that Candida resides more readily in mucosa that is altered, such as may occur with dysplasia and hyperkeratosis in an area of leukoplakia. [citation needed]
Since "leucoplasie" was the equivalent of the English leukoplakia (coined in 1861), [15] the term became erythroplakia in English. [14] Similarly, the term leukoplakia was originally coined to describe white lesions of the urinary tract, [15] and in 1877 was first applied to white patches in the mouth. [16]
Long term follow-up is usually carried out. [1] Some recommend biopsy if the lesions persists more than 6 weeks after giving up smokeless tobacco use, [ 7 ] or if the lesion undergoes a change in appearance (e.g. ulceration , thickening, color changes, especially to speckled white and red or entirely red). [ 8 ]
Oral leukoplakia (white patch) on the left tongue. Proven to be severe dysplasia on biopsy. A premalignant (or precancerous) lesion is defined as "a benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation." There are several different types of premalignant lesion that occur in the mouth.
Oral hairy leukoplakia; Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) diagnosed in last two years; Severe presumed bacterial infections (e.g. pneumonia, empyema, meningitis, bacteraemia, pyomyositis, bone or joint infection) Acute necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, gingivitis or periodontitis; Conditions where confirmatory diagnostic testing is necessary ...