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In cgs units, if the mass is in grams and the velocity in centimeters per second, then the momentum is in gram centimeters per second (g⋅cm/s). Being a vector, momentum has magnitude and direction. For example, a 1 kg model airplane, traveling due north at 1 m/s in straight and level flight, has a momentum of 1 kg⋅m/s due north measured ...
The concepts invoked in Newton's laws of motion — mass, velocity, momentum, force — have predecessors in earlier work, and the content of Newtonian physics was further developed after Newton's time. Newton combined knowledge of celestial motions with the study of events on Earth and showed that one theory of mechanics could encompass both.
Usenet Physics FAQ "Does mass change with velocity?" by Philip Gibbs et al., 2002, retrieved August 10, 2006 "What is the mass of a photon?" by Matt Austern et al., 1998, retrieved June 27, 2007; Max Jammer (1997), Concepts of Mass in Classical and Modern Physics, Courier Dover Publications, pp. 177– 178, ISBN 978-0-486-29998-3
Mass in modern physics has multiple definitions which are conceptually distinct, but physically equivalent. Mass can be experimentally defined as a measure of the body's inertia, meaning the resistance to acceleration (change of velocity) when a net force is applied. [1]
In any different frame of reference, there is additional kinetic energy corresponding to the total mass moving at the speed of the center of mass. The kinetic energy of the system in the center of momentum frame is a quantity that is invariant (all observers see it to be the same).
= is the escape velocity, and β e = v e / c {\displaystyle \beta _{e}=v_{e}/c} is the escape velocity, expressed as a fraction of the speed of light c. To illustrate then, without accounting for the effects of rotation, proximity to Earth's gravitational well will cause a clock on the planet's surface to accumulate around 0.0219 fewer seconds ...
Because a stationary system also has a well defined rest frame in which its momentum can be considered to be zero, defining the energy of the system also defines its mass. In general relativity, this mass is called the Komar mass of the system. Komar mass can only be defined for stationary systems. Komar mass can also be defined by a flux integral.
The mass of an object as measured in its own frame of reference is called its rest mass or invariant mass and is sometimes written . If an object moves with velocity v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } in some other reference frame, the quantity m = γ ( v ) m 0 {\displaystyle m=\gamma (\mathbf {v} )m_{0}} is often called the object's "relativistic ...