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Substitute natural gas (SNG), or synthetic natural gas, is a fuel gas (predominantly methane, CH 4) that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal, oil shale, or from biofuels (when it is named bio-SNG) or using electricity with power-to-gas systems.
Alternative fuel including gaseous fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas, and propane; alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, and butanol; vegetable and waste-derived oils; and electricity. These fuels may be used in a dedicated system that burns a single fuel, or in a mixed system with other fuels including traditional gasoline or diesel, such as ...
Therefore, these fuels are suitable for the preparation of premium fuel with a high cetane number and excellent low temperature properties. The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) virtually corresponds to the cloud point value, which is why the value of the cloud point is significant in the case of hydrotreated oils. [1]
Niti Aayog, the central planning institute of India, announced on 3 August 2018 that if feasible, passenger vehicles will run on 15% Methanol blended petrol. [50] At present, vehicles in India use up to 10% ethanol-blended fuel. If approved by the government it will cut monthly fuel costs by 10%.
Natural gasoline is often used as a denaturant for fuel-grade ethanol, where it is commonly added volumetrically between 2.0% and 2.5% to make denatured fuel ethanol (DFE), or E98. This process renders the fuel-grade ethanol undrinkable.
The primary difference between the Fischer–Tropsch process and methanol to gasoline processes such as STG+ are the catalysts used, product types and economics. Generally, the Fischer–Tropsch process favors unselective cobalt and iron catalysts, while methanol to gasoline technologies favor molecular size- and shape-selective zeolites. [ 8 ]
By 2019, fossil jet fuel production cost was $0.3-0.6 per L given a $50–100 crude oil barrel, while aviation biofuel production cost was $0.7-1.6, needing a $110–260 crude oil barrel to break-even. [19] As of 2020 aviation biofuel was more expensive than fossil jet kerosene, [1] considering aviation taxation and subsidies at that time. [72]
Syngas is produced by steam reforming or partial oxidation of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons, or coal gasification. [6] C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 [1] CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2 [1] C + CO 2 → 2CO [1] Steam reforming of methane is an endothermic reaction requiring 206 kJ/mol of methane: CH 4 + H 2 O → CO + 3 H 2