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The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test, [1] is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). It is an improvement on the Paul–Bunnell test. [2] The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV
[71] [76] A lab test for infectious mononucleosis was developed in 1931 by Yale School of Public Health Professor John Rodman Paul and Walls Willard Bunnell based on their discovery of heterophile antibodies in the sera of persons with the disease. [77] The Paul-Bunnell Test or PBT was later replaced by the heterophile antibody test.
Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies with affinity for sheep and horse red blood cells. They appear during the first week of infectious mononucleosis symptoms, 3–4 weeks after infection and return to undetectable levels 3 to 6 months after infection. Heterophile antibody is a fairly specific but insensitive test for EBV.
Blood test results for persons with infectious mononucleosis include an elevated white blood cell count, an increased percentage of atypical mononuclear cells. Liver enzymes are often elevated. A positive "mono spot" test is useful in confirming the diagnosis but a negative result does not rule out primary EBV infection.
EBV causes infectious mononucleosis. [56] Children infected with EBV have few symptoms or can appear asymptomatic, but when infection is delayed to adolescence or adulthood, it can cause fatigue , fever , inflamed throat , swollen lymph nodes in the neck, enlarged spleen , swollen liver , or rash. [ 20 ]
What To Do If You Test Positive For COVID-19 On An At-Home Test First, your best bet is to believe the test is correct. "Rapid at-home tests produce results within 10 to 15 minutes," Dr. Patel says.
The disease develops as a complication or progression of either Epstein–Barr virus-positive infectious mononucleosis (EPV+ IM) or chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection (CAEBV)., [1] that is, as a worsening of the signs/symptoms some three weeks after the onset of an EBV+ IM-like disease or an any time during the course of CAEBV.
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) causes the illness referred to as Mononucleosis. In the infectious stage of this illness, individuals will have Epstein Barr viral capsid antigens (EBV-VCA) in their mouth and blood. [1] [2] The viral capsid of a virus is the complex of proteins that surrounds the genetic material inside the virus. Epstein Barr virus ...