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  2. Benzene (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene_(data_page)

    Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Note: (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid, otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. log of Benzene vapor pressure.

  3. Azeotrope tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope_tables

    This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.

  4. Phase rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_rule

    In thermodynamics, the phase rule is a general principle governing multi-component, multi-phase systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.For a system without chemical reactions, it relates the number of freely varying intensive properties (F) to the number of components (C), the number of phases (P), and number of ways of performing work on the system (N): [1] [2] [3]: 123–125

  5. Hammett equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_equation

    The starting point for the collection of the substituent constants is a chemical equilibrium for which the substituent constant is arbitrarily set to 0 and the reaction constant is set to 1: the deprotonation of benzoic acid or benzene carboxylic acid (R and R' both H) in water at 25 °C.

  6. Vapor–liquid equilibrium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor–liquid_equilibrium

    Such vapor–liquid equilibrium information is useful in designing columns for distillation, especially fractional distillation, which is a particular specialty of chemical engineers. [1] [2] [3] Distillation is a process used to separate or partially separate components in a mixture by boiling (vaporization) followed by condensation ...

  7. Azeotrope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope

    Vapour-liquid equilibrium of 2-propanol/water showing positive azeotropic behaviour. An azeotrope (/ ə ˈ z iː ə ˌ t r oʊ p /) [1] or a constant heating point mixture is a mixture of two or more liquids whose proportions cannot be changed by simple distillation. [2]

  8. Benzene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene

    This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction ... exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted ...

  9. Chemical potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential

    [1] [2] At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium, the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. [3] [4] [5] In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system. [6]