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[16] [17] From the known atomic mass of iron, he calculated the molecular mass of hemoglobin to n × 16000 (n=number of iron atoms per hemoglobin molecule, now known to be 4), the first determination of a protein's molecular mass. This "hasty conclusion" drew ridicule from colleagues who could not believe that any molecule could be so large.
Both Blackmore and George Cheyne treated this malady as the male equivalent of "the vapours", while preferring the more learned terms "hypochondriasis" and "hysteria". [39] [41] [42] In the late 18th century, the German word Spleen came to denote eccentric and hypochondriac tendencies that were thought to be characteristic of English people. [37]
The Mentzer index, described in 1973 by William C. Mentzer, [1] is the MCV divided by the RBC count. It is said to be helpful in differentiating iron deficiency anemia from beta thalassemia trait.
The total number of protein-coding genes (the Earth's proteome) is estimated to be 5 million sequences. [98] Although the number of base-pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1950s, the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes, and methods of detecting them have been refined.
Cis-interactions is also known as side-to-side interactions and trans-interactions is also known as head-to-head interactions. [9] Generally the tight junction is known for its impermeability. However, depending on the type of claudin and their interactions there is selective permeability. This includes charge selectivity and size selectivity. [7]
In a healthy adult male of 75 kg (165 lb) with a blood volume of 5 L, a blood glucose level of 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) amounts to 5 g, equivalent to about a teaspoonful of sugar. [14] Part of the reason why this amount is so small is that, to maintain an influx of glucose into cells, enzymes modify glucose by adding phosphate or other groups to it.
2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids [21] have the generic formula H 2 NCHRCOOH in most cases, [b] where R is an organic substituent known as a "side chain". [22] Of the many hundreds of described amino acids, 22 are proteinogenic ("protein-building").
The homunculus is commonly used today in scientific disciplines such as psychology as a teaching or memory tool to describe the distorted scale model of a human drawn or sculpted to reflect the relative space human body parts occupy on the somatosensory cortex (the sensory homunculus) and the motor cortex (the motor homunculus).