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Conductivity or specific conductance of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m). Conductivity measurements are used routinely in many industrial and environmental applications as a fast, inexpensive and reliable way of measuring the ionic content in a ...
The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as its conductivity divided by its molar concentration. [1] [2] =, where: κ is the measured conductivity (formerly known as specific conductance), [3] c is the molar concentration of the electrolyte.
The conductivity of a water/aqueous solution is highly dependent on its concentration of dissolved salts, and other chemical species that ionize in the solution. Electrical conductivity of water samples is used as an indicator of how salt-free, ion-free, or impurity-free the sample is; the purer the water, the lower the conductivity (the higher ...
Below is a simplified equation of Faraday's first law: = where m is the mass of the substance produced at the electrode (in grams), Q is the total electric charge that passed through the solution (in coulombs), n is the valence number of the substance as an ion in solution (electrons per ion),
The molar ionic strength, I, of a solution is a function of the concentration of all ions present in that solution. [3]= = where one half is because we are including both cations and anions, c i is the molar concentration of ion i (M, mol/L), z i is the charge number of that ion, and the sum is taken over all ions in the solution.
In 1921, solid silver iodide (AgI) was found to have had extraordinary high ionic conductivity at temperatures above 147 °C, AgI changes into a phase that has an ionic conductivity of ~ 1 –1 cm −1. [clarification needed] This high temperature phase of AgI is an example of a superionic conductor.
An acid-base indicator such as bromophenol blue is added to make visible the boundary between the acidic HCl solution and the near-neutral CdCl 2 solution. [8] The boundary tends to remain sharp since the leading solution HCl has a higher conductivity that the indicator solution CdCl 2 , and therefore a lower electric field to carry the same ...
Even for weak electrolytes the equation is not exact. Chemical thermodynamics shows that the true equilibrium constant is a ratio of thermodynamic activities, and that each concentration must be multiplied by an activity coefficient. This correction is important for ionic solutions due to the strong forces between ionic charges.