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An operational taxonomic unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals.The term was originally introduced in 1963 by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in the context of numerical taxonomy, where an "operational taxonomic unit" is simply the group of organisms currently being studied. [1]
A biological network is a method of representing systems as complex sets of binary interactions or relations between various biological entities. [1] In general, networks or graphs are used to capture relationships between entities or objects. [1]
Sequence alignments can be stored in a wide variety of text-based file formats, many of which were originally developed in conjunction with a specific alignment program or implementation. Most web-based tools allow a limited number of input and output formats, such as FASTA format and GenBank format and the output is not easily editable.
Symbiosis is a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. [6] Often, both of the organisms involved develop new features upon the interaction with the other organism.
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...
Protocooperation is a form of mutualism, but the cooperating species do not depend on each other for survival.An example of protocooperation happens between soil bacteria or fungi, and the plants that occur growing in the soil.
In the particular case of groups, congruence relations can be described in elementary terms as follows: If G is a group (with identity element e and operation *) and ~ is a binary relation on G, then ~ is a congruence whenever: Given any element a of G, a ~ a (reflexivity); Given any elements a and b of G, if a ~ b, then b ~ a ;
In the monoid of binary endorelations on a set (with the binary operation on relations being the composition of relations), the converse relation does not satisfy the definition of an inverse from group theory, that is, if is an arbitrary relation on , then does not equal the identity relation on in general.