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Linear charge density (λ) is the quantity of charge per unit length, measured in coulombs per meter (C⋅m −1), at any point on a line charge distribution. Charge density can be either positive or negative, since electric charge can be either positive or negative. Like mass density, charge density can vary with
Consider a long, thin wire of charge and length .To calculate the average linear charge density, ¯, of this one dimensional object, we can simply divide the total charge, , by the total length, : ¯ = If we describe the wire as having a varying charge (one that varies as a function of position along the length of the wire, ), we can write: = Each infinitesimal unit of charge, , is equal to ...
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
In electromagnetism, current density is the amount of charge per unit time that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. [1] The current density vector is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area at a given point in space, its direction being that of the motion of the positive charges at this point.
The linearized augmented-plane-wave method (LAPW) is an implementation of Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) adapted to periodic materials. [1] [2] [3] It typically goes along with the treatment of both valence and core electrons on the same footing in the context of DFT and the treatment of the full potential and charge density without any shape approximation.
A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current.
Surface power density, power per unit area; Specific surface energy, free energy per unit surface area; Length-specific quantity, the quotient of a physical quantity and length ("per unit length"), also called lineic quantities: [2] Linear charge density, charge per unit length; Linear mass density, mass per unit length; Linear number density ...
where is the exterior derivative, is the Hodge star, = + (where is the electric current density, and is the electric charge density) is the 4-current density 1-form, is the differential forms version of Maxwell's equations.