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Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. [1] The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, [2] therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. [3]
In 2014, the American Association of Poison Control Centers reported about 6,000 exposures to chlorine gas in the US in 2013, compared with 13,600 exposures to carbon monoxide, which was the most common poison gas exposure; [7] the year before they reported about 5,500 cases of chlorine gas poisoning compared with around 14,300 cases of carbon ...
Salt poisoning sufficient to produce severe symptoms is rare, and lethal salt poisoning is possible but even rarer. The lethal dose of table salt is roughly 0.5–1 gram per kilogram of body weight. [1] In medicine, salt poisoning is most frequently encountered in children or infants [2] [3] who may be made to consume excessive amounts of table ...
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is contraindicated in patients who are losing chloride, such as by vomiting. [9]Because of its sodium content, intravenous sodium bicarbonate should be used with great care, if at all, in patients with congestive heart failure and severe chronic kidney disease, where low sodium intake is strongly indicated to prevent sodium retention. [9]
Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) or 2-PAM, usually as the chloride or iodide salts, belongs to a family of compounds called oximes that bind to organophosphate-inactivated acetylcholinesterase. [1] It is used to treat organophosphate poisoning [2] in conjunction with atropine and either diazepam or midazolam. It is a white solid.
Methylene blue has been used as a placebo; physicians would tell their patients to expect their urine to change color and view this as a sign that their condition had improved. [26] This same side effect makes methylene blue difficult to use in traditional placebo-controlled clinical studies, including those testing for its efficacy as a treatment.
Though calcium chloride is more concentrated, it is caustic to the veins and should only be given through a central line. [13] Onset of action is less than one to three minutes and lasts about 30–60 minutes. [13] The goal of treatment is to normalise the EKG and doses can be repeated if the EKG does not improve within a few minutes. [13]
Whole bowel irrigation is sometimes used prior to colonoscopy, bowel surgery, other abdominal/pelvic surgery, or a barium enema examination, to cleanse the intestines, enhancing visibility of the intestines' inner surfaces, preventing complications from occurring as a result of spillage of bowel contents into the abdominal cavity, and potentially providing other benefits depending on the type ...