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Physics was transformed by the discoveries of quantum mechanics, relativity, and atomic theory at the beginning of the 20th century. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and modern physics. Detailed articles on specific topics are available through the Outline of the history of physics.
The Business of Enlightenment: a Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Daston, Lorraine. 1998. The Academies and the Utility of Knowledge: The Discipline of the Disciplines. Differences vol. 10, no. 2: 67-86. Gillispie, Charles C. 1980. Science and Polity in France at the end of the Old ...
The subsequent Age of Enlightenment saw the concept of a scientific revolution emerge in the 18th-century work of Jean Sylvain Bailly, who described a two-stage process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new. [10] There continues to be scholarly engagement regarding the boundaries of the Scientific Revolution and its chronology.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the realm of knowledge—of which the Encyclopédie forms the pinnacle. [153] In 1783, Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of ...
Enlightenment philosophers chose a short history of scientific predecessors—Galileo, Boyle, and Newton principally—as the guides and guarantors of their applications of the singular concept of nature and natural law to every physical and social field of the day. In this respect, the lessons of history and the social structures built upon it ...
As a scientist, his studies of electricity made him a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics. He also charted and named the Gulf Stream current. His numerous important inventions include the lightning rod , bifocals , glass harmonica and the Franklin stove . [ 8 ]
Ernst Alfred Cassirer (/ k ɑː ˈ s ɪər ər, k ə ˈ-/ kah-SEER-ər, kə-; [1] German: [ˈɛʁnst kaˈsiːʁɐ]; [2] [3] July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German philosopher. . Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School, he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of s
The whole landscape of physics was changed with the discovery of Lorentz transformations, and this led to attempts to reconcile it with gravity. At the same time, experimental physicists started testing the foundations of gravity and relativity— Lorentz invariance , the gravitational deflection of light , the Eötvös experiment .