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[81] [82] Concerns regarding the long-term effects of benzodiazepines have been raised since 1980. [83] These concerns are still not fully answered. A review in 2006 of the literature on use of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics concluded that more research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of hypnotic drugs. [84]
Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems. [ 11 ] [ 16 ] Guidelines recommend that it be used only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and after behavioral changes, such as sleep hygiene , have been tried.
Low-dose doxepin is approved by the FDA for the treatment of insomnia. [5] Second generation of antihistamines such as cetirizine and loratadine have a much less sedating effect than the first ones with a much lower degree of crossing the blood–brain barrier. [29] Common side effects of antihistamines include nausea, constipation and dry ...
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Side effects can differ within the drug class due to differences in metabolism and pharmacology. For example, long-acting benzodiazepines have problems of drug accumulation especially in the elderly or those with liver disease, and shorter-acting benzodiazepines have a higher risk of more severe withdrawal symptoms.
The changes are most notable with long acting benzodiazepines as these are prone to significant accumulation in such individuals and can lead to withdrawal symptoms. [citation needed] For example, the equivalent dose of diazepam in an elderly individual on lorazepam may be half of what would be expected in a younger individual.
[42] [45] According to the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, indirect comparison indicates that side-effects from benzodiazepines may be about twice as frequent as from nonbenzodiazepines. [45] Some experts suggest using nonbenzodiazepines preferentially as a first-line long-term treatment of insomnia. [43]
You may have heard about — or maybe even experienced — the short-term side effects of Ozempic® — such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea. But what about its long-term effects?