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Rage syndrome is a rare seizure disorder in dogs, characterized by explosive aggression. [1] [2] [3]It is frequently confused with idiopathic aggression, a term for aggression with no identifiable cause.
Serotonin (/ ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ n ɪ n, ˌ s ɪər ə-/) [6] [7] [8] or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.Its biological function is complex, touching on diverse functions including mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
Seizures in dogs can be shocking and distressing to see. Let’s find out more about them
Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy experience their first seizure between the ages of one and three. However, the age at diagnosis is only one factor in diagnosing canine epilepsy, as one study found cause for seizures in one-third of dogs between the ages of one and three, indicating secondary or reactive rather than primary epilepsy. [6]
5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B (5-HT 2B) also known as serotonin receptor 2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR2B gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] 5-HT 2B is a member of the 5-HT 2 receptor family that binds the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT).
Epilepsy in dogs can be a primary, idiopathic, inherited disorder or secondary to previous head trauma or CNS infections. Idiopathic epilepsy is commonly found in breeds such as German Shepherd Dogs, Beagles, and Dachshunds. The most common sign recurring generalized seizures beginning at a young adult age. [56]
5-HT receptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, or serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptor and ligand-gated ion channels found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They mediate both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission .
As the level of stimulus increases, the resulting involuntary movement goes down the level of stages. Levels further down the Racine stages also contain symptoms of the previous stages. For example, an animal that is demonstrating the actions of a stage four seizure may also demonstrate head nodding (indicative of a level two seizure). [ 3 ]