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  2. Help:Using Wikipedia for mathematics self-study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Using_Wikipedia_for...

    The mathematics reference desk is useful if you have a question and don't know where to look up the answer. Explore the category system. The mathematics portal is a good "way in" to mathematics articles on Wikipedia. If you are in doubt, ask at the mathematics reference desk.

  3. Initial algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_algebra

    Consider the endofunctor 1 + (−), i.e. F : Set → Set sending X to 1 + X, where 1 is a one-point set, a terminal object in the category. An algebra for this endofunctor is a set X (called the carrier of the algebra) together with a function f : (1 + X) → X. Defining such a function amounts to defining a point x ∈ X and a function X → X

  4. Frobenius theorem (real division algebras) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_theorem_(real...

    According to the theorem, every such algebra is isomorphic to one of the following: R (the real numbers) C (the complex numbers) H (the quaternions) These algebras have real dimension 1, 2, and 4, respectively. Of these three algebras, R and C are commutative, but H is not.

  5. Associative algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative_algebra

    A commutative algebra is an associative algebra for which the multiplication is commutative, or, equivalently, an associative algebra that is also a commutative ring. In this article associative algebras are assumed to have a multiplicative identity, denoted 1; they are sometimes called unital associative algebras for clarification.

  6. Linear algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra

    An essential question in linear algebra is testing whether a linear map is an isomorphism or not, and, if it is not an isomorphism, finding its range (or image) and the set of elements that are mapped to the zero vector, called the kernel of the map.

  7. Closure (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(mathematics)

    In linear algebra, the closure of a non-empty subset of a vector space (under vector-space operations, that is, addition and scalar multiplication) is the linear span of this subset. It is a vector space by the preceding general result, and it can be proved easily that is the set of linear combinations of elements of the subset.

  8. Ratio test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_test

    In mathematics, the ratio test is a test (or "criterion") for the convergence of a series =, where each term is a real or complex number and a n is nonzero when n is large. The test was first published by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and is sometimes known as d'Alembert's ratio test or as the Cauchy ratio test.

  9. Multiple choice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_choice

    Multiple choice questions lend themselves to the development of objective assessment items, but without author training, questions can be subjective in nature. Because this style of test does not require a teacher to interpret answers, test-takers are graded purely on their selections, creating a lower likelihood of teacher bias in the results. [8]