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  2. Probable cause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable_cause

    The usual definition of the probable cause standard includes “a reasonable amount of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong to justify a prudent and cautious person’s belief that certain facts are probably true.” [6] Notably, this definition does not require that the person making the recognition must hold a public office or have public authority, which allows the ...

  3. Illinois v. Gates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_v._Gates

    Gates, probable cause was achieved for the warrant under the new "totality-of-the-circumstances" standard because the investigation by DEA and Detective Mader would have, on its own, been probable cause for a search warrant. [citation needed] The Gates' actions were suspicious because Florida is a known source of illegal drugs. Lance Gates ...

  4. County of Riverside v. McLaughlin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Riverside_v...

    County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991), was a United States Supreme Court case which involved the question of within what period of time must a suspect arrested without a warrant (warrantless arrests) be brought into court to determine if there is probable cause for holding the suspect in custody.

  5. Preliminary hearing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_hearing

    In common law jurisdictions, a preliminary hearing, preliminary examination, preliminary inquiry, evidentiary hearing or probable cause hearing is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial. At such a hearing, the defendant may be assisted by a lawyer.

  6. Reasonable suspicion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion

    Reasonable suspicion is a legal standard of proof that in United States law is less than probable cause, the legal standard for arrests and warrants, but more than an "inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or 'hunch ' "; [1] it must be based on "specific and articulable facts", "taken together with rational inferences from those facts", [2] and the suspicion must be associated with the ...

  7. Nieves v. Bartlett - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett

    Nieves v. Bartlett, 587 U.S. 391 (2019), was a civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States decided that probable cause should generally defeat a retaliatory arrest claim brought under the First Amendment, unless officers under the circumstances would typically exercise their discretion not to make an arrest.

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  9. Aguilar–Spinelli test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguilar–Spinelli_test

    According to the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: . The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.