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Human infectious diseases may be characterized by their case fatality rate (CFR), the proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it (cf. mortality rate).It should not be confused with the infection fatality rate (IFR), the estimated proportion of people infected by a disease-causing agent, including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections, who die from the disease.
Previous emergence of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV showed that Betacoronaviruses represent a risk for emergence of diseases threatening to humans. [3] [4] Increased awareness due to the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak motivated research into the potential for other coronavirus outbreaks and the animal reservoirs which could lead to them. [5]
Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.
Betacoronavirus hongkonense [1] ( commonly called Human coronavirus HKU1 abbreviated as HCoV-HKU1) is a species of coronavirus in humans and animals. It causes an upper respiratory disease with symptoms of the common cold, but can advance to pneumonia and bronchiolitis. [2] It was first discovered in January 2004 from one man in Hong Kong. [3]
Though not an antelope, it is known colloquially in North America as the American antelope, prong buck, pronghorn antelope and prairie antelope, [5] because it closely resembles the antelopes of the Old World and fills a similar ecological niche due to parallel evolution. [6] It is the only surviving member of the family Antilocapridae. [7]
A zoonosis (/ z oʊ ˈ ɒ n ə s ɪ s, ˌ z oʊ ə ˈ n oʊ s ɪ s / ⓘ; [1] plural zoonoses) or zoonotic disease is an infectious disease of humans caused by a pathogen (an infectious agent, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or prion) that can jump from a non-human vertebrate to a human.
Alphacoronavirus amsterdamense [1] ( also called Human coronavirus NL63 abbreviated HCoV-NL63) is a species of coronavirus, specifically a Setracovirus from among the Alphacoronavirus genus. It was identified in late 2004 in patients in the Netherlands by Lia van der Hoek and Krzysztof Pyrc [2] using a novel virus discovery method VIDISCA. [3]
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells. [ 1 ] Examples include the common cold , gastroenteritis , COVID-19 , the flu , and rabies .