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The limiting reagent (or limiting reactant or limiting agent) in a chemical reaction is a reactant that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is completed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The amount of product formed is limited by this reagent, since the reaction cannot continue without it.
Le Chatelier–Braun principle analyzes the qualitative behaviour of a thermodynamic system when a particular one of its externally controlled state variables, say , changes by an amount , the 'driving change', causing a change , the 'response of prime interest', in its conjugate state variable , all other externally controlled state variables remaining constant.
In chemical kinetics, the overall rate of a reaction is often approximately determined by the slowest step, known as the rate-determining step (RDS or RD-step [1] or r/d step [2] [3]) or rate-limiting step. For a given reaction mechanism, the prediction of the corresponding rate equation (for comparison with the experimental rate law) is often ...
Conversion and its related terms yield and selectivity are important terms in chemical reaction engineering.They are described as ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted (X — conversion, normally between zero and one), how much of a desired product was formed (Y — yield, normally also between zero and one) and how much desired product was formed in ratio to the undesired product(s) (S ...
In chemistry, the term "turnover number" has two distinct meanings. In enzymology , the turnover number ( k cat ) is defined as the limiting number of chemical conversions of substrate molecules per second that a single active site will execute for a given enzyme concentration [ E T ] for enzymes with two or more active sites. [ 1 ]
Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur. The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents .
In a minor branch of the above reaction, occurring in the Sun's core 0.04% of the time, the final reaction involving 15 7 N shown above does not produce carbon-12 and an alpha particle, but instead produces oxygen-16 and a photon and continues 15 7 N → 16 8 O → 17 9 F → 17 8 O → 14 7 N → 15 8 O → 15 7 N. In detail:
Hess's law states that the change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction is the same regardless of whether the reaction takes place in one step or several steps, provided the initial and final states of the reactants and products are the same. Enthalpy is an extensive property, meaning that its value is proportional to the system size. [4]