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The density of these surface waters increases due to evaporation and warming, forming the saline and warm intermediate and deep Mediterranean Waters, which in turn flow into the Atlantic Ocean as an undercurrent through the Strait of Gibraltar at a rate of approximately 1 Sv (10 6 m 3 /s) and at 120 m depth approximately, [1] forming the ...
It is about 20 miles (32 kilometres) long and varies in width between 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 5 mi (4 and 8 km), although the Hurst Spit which projects 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 mi (2.4 km) into the Solent narrows the sea crossing between Hurst Castle and Colwell Bay to just over 1 mi (1.6 km). The Solent is a major shipping lane for passenger, freight and military ...
GEBCO is the only intergovernmental body with a mandate to map the whole ocean floor. At the beginning of the project, only 6 per cent of the world's ocean bottom had been surveyed to today's standards; as of June 2022, the project had recorded 23.4 per cent mapped. About 14,500,000 square kilometres (5,600,000 sq mi) of new bathymetric data ...
However, ocean currents also flow thousands of meters below the surface. These deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water's density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). This process is known as thermohaline circulation. In the Earth's polar regions ocean water gets very cold, forming sea ice.
As the deep waters sink into the ocean basins, they displace the older deep-water masses, which gradually become less dense due to continued ocean mixing. Thus, some water is rising, in what is known as upwelling. Its speeds are very slow even compared to the movement of the bottom water masses.
A bathymetric chart is a type of isarithmic map that depicts the submerged bathymetry and physiographic features of ocean and sea bottoms. [1] Their primary purpose is to provide detailed depth contours of ocean topography as well as provide the size, shape and distribution of underwater features.
Associated with this mask will be water level elevations with an accuracy of 10 cm (3.9 in) for water bodies whose non-vegetated surface area exceeds 1 km 2 (0.39 sq mi). The slope accuracy is 1.7 cm/km (1.1 in/mi) over a maximum 10 km (6.2 mi) of flow distance. [7]
A summary of the path of the thermohaline circulation. Blue paths represent deep-water currents, while red paths represent surface currents. The NADW is not the deepest water layer in the Atlantic Ocean; the Antarctic bottom water (AABW) is always the densest, deepest ocean layer in any basin deeper than 4,000 metres (2.5 mi). [27]