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However, the genotype frequencies for all future times will equal the Hardy–Weinberg frequencies, e.g. f t (AA) = f 1 (AA) for t > 1. This follows since the genotype frequencies of the next generation depend only on the allele frequencies of the current generation which, as calculated by equations and , are preserved from the initial generation:
Random mating alone does not change allele frequencies, and the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumes an infinite population size and a selectively neutral locus. [1] In natural populations natural selection (adaptation mechanism), gene flow, and mutation combine to change allele frequencies across generations.
The Hardy–Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies when a population is not evolving. Let's examine the Hardy–Weinberg equation using the population of four-o'clock plants that we considered above: if the allele A frequency is denoted by the symbol p and the allele a frequency denoted by q, then p+q=1.
A de Finetti diagram. The curved line is the expected Hardy–Weinberg frequency as a function of p.. A de Finetti diagram is a ternary plot used in population genetics.It is named after the Italian statistician Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985) and is used to graph the genotype frequencies of populations, where there are two alleles and the population is diploid.
The allele frequency spectrum can be written as the vector = (,,,,), where is the number of observed sites with derived allele frequency .In this example, the observed allele frequency spectrum is (,,,,), due to four instances of a single observed derived allele at a particular SNP loci, two instances of two derived alleles, and so on.
The genotype frequencies of the combined population are a weighted mean of the subpopulation frequencies, corresponding to a point somewhere on the solid line connecting 1 and 2. This point always has a lower heterozygosity (y value) than the corresponding (in allele frequency p) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Example calculation of a paternity index. In paternity testing, Paternity Index (PI) is a calculated value generated for a single genetic marker or locus (chromosomal location or site of DNA sequence of interest) and is associated with the statistical strength or weight of that locus in favor of or against parentage given the phenotypes of the tested participants and the inheritance scenario.
The product of the relative frequencies, , is a measure of the genetic variance. The quantity pq is maximized when there is an equal frequency of each gene, when p = q {\displaystyle p=q} . In the GSM, the rate of change Δ Q {\displaystyle \Delta Q} is proportional to the genetic variation.