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Cachexia (/ k ə ˈ k ɛ k s i ə / [1]) is a syndrome that happens when people have certain illnesses, causing muscle loss that cannot be fully reversed with improved nutrition. [2] It is most common in diseases like cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, and AIDS.
Mortality rates of cachexia patients range from 15 to 25% per year in severe COPD, 20–40% per year in patients with chronic heart failure or chronic kidney disease, to 20–80% per year in cancer cachexia. [8] The SCWD was founded in 2008 on the initiative of Prof. Stefan D. Anker [9] in Germany and Dr. John E. Morley [10] in the US.
Certain diseases can cause a complex muscle wasting syndrome known as cachexia. It is commonly seen in cancer, congestive heart failure , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , chronic kidney disease and AIDS although it is associated with many disease processes, usually with a significant inflammatory component.
Emaciation manifests physically as thin limbs, pronounced and protruding bones, sunken eyes, dry skin, thinning hair, a bloated stomach, and a dry or coated tongue in humans. Emaciation is often accompanied by halitosis , hyponatremia , hypokalemia , anemia , improper function of lymph and the lymphatic system , and pleurisy and edema .
The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis. DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer. [17] More than 60,000 new naturally-occurring instances of DNA damage arise, on average, per human cell, per day, due to endogenous cellular processes (see article DNA damage (naturally occurring)).
The hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. [3] He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g., adenosine triphosphate / ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis).
The basic cause of sporadic (non-familial) cancers is DNA damage and genomic instability. [1] [2] A minority of cancers are due to inherited genetic mutations. [3] Most cancers are related to environmental, lifestyle, or behavioral exposures. [4] Cancer is generally not contagious in humans, though it can be caused by oncoviruses and cancer ...
In September 2024, Pfizer disclosed that ponsegromab led to significant body weight increases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, or colorectal cancer in a phase 2 clinical trial.