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Jain mathematicians were apparently also the first to use the word shunya (literally void in Sanskrit) to refer to zero. This word is the ultimate etymological origin of the English word "zero", as it was calqued into Arabic as ṣifr and then subsequently borrowed into Medieval Latin as zephirum, finally arriving at English after passing ...
Bhāskara (c. 600 – c. 680) (commonly called Bhāskara I to avoid confusion with the 12th-century mathematician Bhāskara II) was a 7th-century Indian mathematician and astronomer who was the first to write numbers in the Hindu–Arabic decimal system with a circle for the zero, and who gave a unique and remarkable rational approximation of the sine function in his commentary on Aryabhata's ...
Because of this, Pingala is sometimes also credited with the first use of zero, as he used the Sanskrit word śūnya to explicitly refer to the number. [11] Pingala's binary representation increases towards the right, and not to the left as modern binary numbers usually do. [12] In Pingala's system, the numbers start from number one, and not zero.
Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta is one of the first books to provide concrete ideas on positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero. [4] For example, it notes that the sum of a positive number and a negative number is their difference or, if they are equal, zero; that subtracting a negative number is equivalent to adding a positive number; that the product of two negative numbers is positive.
The Bakhshali manuscript, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive; Ch. 6 – The Bakhshali manuscript (Ian G. Pearce, Indian Mathematics: Redressing the balance) Hoernle: On the Bakhshali Manuscript, 1887, archive.org "A Big Zero: Research uncovers the date of the Bakhshali Manuscript", YouTube video, University of Oxford
Mathematics in India does not require that its readers have any background in mathematics or the history of mathematics. [7] It makes scholarship in this area accessible to a general audience, [18] for instance by replacing many Sanskrit technical terms by English phrases, [12] although it is "more of a research monograph than a popular book". [16]
[8] [9] Islamic mathematics, in turn, developed and expanded the mathematics known to these civilizations. [10] Contemporaneous with but independent of these traditions were the mathematics developed by the Maya civilization of Mexico and Central America, where the concept of zero was given a standard symbol in Maya numerals.
Bhaskara's proof of the Pythagorean Theorem. Bhāskara II [a] ([bʰɑːskərə]; c.1114–1185), also known as Bhāskarāchārya (lit. ' Bhāskara the teacher '), was an Indian polymath, mathematician, astronomer and engineer.