Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
In criminology, the Neo-Classical School continues the traditions of the Classical School [further explanation needed] the framework of Right Realism.Hence, the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria remains a relevant social philosophy in policy term for using punishment as a deterrent through law enforcement, the courts, and imprisonment.
Routine activity theory, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen, draws upon control theories and explains crime in terms of crime opportunities that occur in everyday life. [62] A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in time and place including a motivated offender, suitable target or victim, and lack of a capable guardian. [63]
This theory emerged at the time of the Enlightenment and it contended that it should focus on rationality. But, because it lacks sophistication, it was the operationalised in a mechanical way, assuming that there is a mathematics of deterrence, i.e. a proportional calculation undertaken first by policy makers and then by potential offenders.
Sociologist Jack Katz is recognized by many as being a foundational figure to this approach [4] through his seminal work, Seductions of Crime, written in 1988. [5] Cultural criminology as a substantive approach, however, did not begin to form until the mid-1990s, [6] where increasing interest arose from the desire to incorporate cultural studies into contemporary criminology.
Writing education in the United States at a national scale using methods other than direct teacher–student tutorial were first implemented in the 19th century. [1] [2] The positive association between students' development of the ability to use writing to refine and synthesize their thinking [3] and their performance in other disciplines is well-documented.
Janet Emig's 1977 article "Writing as a Mode of Learning," grounded in constructivist theories of education, suggested that writing functioned as a unique and invaluable way for students to understand and integrate information. Simultaneously, widespread media attention around college students' apparently decreasing writing proficiency (more a ...
The national Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) is a national professional association of writing instructors in the United States, the largest organization dedicated to writing research, theory, and teaching pedagogy worldwide. At the annual CCCC convention, pedagogues from around the country deliver their recent ...
Historians note that reading and writing were different skills in the colonial era. Schools taught both, but in places without schools, writing was taught mainly to boys and a few privileged girls. Men handled worldly affairs and needed to both read and write. It was believed that girls needed only to read (especially religious materials).