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The proportionately thicker bones in the elephant are an example of allometric scaling Allometry ( Ancient Greek ἄλλος állos "other", μέτρον métron "measurement") is the study of the relationship of body size to shape , [ 1 ] anatomy , physiology and behaviour, [ 2 ] first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, [ 3 ] by D'Arcy Thompson ...
Allometric engineering is the process of experimentally shifting the scaling relationships, for body size or shape, in a population of organisms. More specifically, the process of experimentally breaking the tight covariance evident among component traits of a complex phenotype by altering the variance of one trait relative to another.
Allometry studies the relative size of organs or parts of organisms. Tree allometry narrows the definition to applications involving measurements of the growth or size of trees. Allometric relationships often are used to estimate difficult tree measurements, such as volume, from an easily measured attribute such as diameter at breast height (DBH).
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The foundations for quantitative map scaling goes back to ancient China with textual evidence that the idea of map scaling was understood by the second century BC. Ancient Chinese surveyors and cartographers had ample technical resources used to produce maps such as counting rods, carpenter's square's, plumb lines, compasses for drawing circles, and sighting tubes for measuring inclination.
In geography, different geographic (scale) levels are distinguished: The local scale level relates to a small area, usually a city or municipality; The regional scale level relates to a larger area, usually a region, state or province; The national scale level relates to a country; The continental scale level refers to a continent;
Cartographic scale or map scale: a large-scale map covers a smaller area but embodies more detail, while a small-scale map covers a larger area with less detail. Operational scale: the spatial extent at which a particular phenomenon operates. E.g. orogeny operates at a much larger scale than the formation of a river pothole does.
Models providing explanations to the observed scaling pattern of occupancy include the fractal model, the cross-scale model and the Bayesian estimation model. The fractal model can be configured by dividing the landscape into quadrats of different sizes, [13] [14] or bisecting into grids with special width-to-length ratio (2:1), [15] [16] and yields the following SPO: