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1. y 2 /y 1 > 1: depth increases over the jump so that y 2 > y 1 2. Fr 2 < 1: downstream flow must be subcritical 3. Fr 1 > 1: upstream flow must be supercritical. Table 2 shows the calculated values used to develop Figure 8. The values associated with a y 1 = 1.5 ft are not valid for use since they violate the above limits.
Figure 4: An undular front on a tidal bore. At this point the water is relatively deep and the fractional change in elevation is small. A tidal bore is a hydraulic jump which occurs when the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travel up a river or narrow bay against the direction of the current. [16]
A diagram showing how scour holes are formed. Bridge scour is the removal of sediment such as sand and gravel from around bridge abutments or piers. Hydrodynamic scour, caused by fast flowing water, can carve out scour holes, compromising the integrity of a structure.
The river regime generally refers to the mathematical relationship between the river discharge and its width, depth and slope. Thus, "river regime" describes a series of characteristic power-law relationships between discharge and width, depth and slope [ 1 ]
A final 100-foot (30 m) section ends in the river, with or without a drop, depending on the river level. Overall slope adds another seven feet of drop, for a total course drop of 15 feet (4.6 m), plus zero to four feet (0 to 1.2 meters) into the river at the end. The following map shows the arrangement of the visible and submerged features.
Stream power, originally derived by R. A. Bagnold in the 1960s, is the amount of energy the water in a river or stream is exerting on the sides and bottom of the river. [1] Stream power is the result of multiplying the density of the water, the acceleration of the water due to gravity, the volume of water flowing through the river, and the ...
Armour of basalt blocks. In hydrology and geography, armor is the association of surface pebbles, rocks or boulders with stream beds or beaches.Most commonly hydrological armor occurs naturally; however, a man-made form is usually called riprap, when shorelines or stream banks are fortified for erosion protection with large boulders or sizable manufactured concrete objects.
In hydrology, discharge is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m 3 /h or ft 3 /h) of a stream. It equals the product of average flow velocity (with dimension of length per time, in m/h or ft/h) and the cross-sectional area (in m 2 or ft 2). [1] It includes any suspended solids (e.g. sediment), dissolved chemicals like CaCO